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- Res Rep Urol
- v.7; 2015
- PMC4315532
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Res Rep Urol. 2015; 7: 9–12.
Published online 2015 Jan 28. doi:10.2147/RRU.S77061
PMCID: PMC4315532
PMID: 25671221
Emrah Töz,1 Sefa Kurt,2 Çağdaş Sahin,1 and Mehmet Tunç Canda3
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Abstract
Purpose
The aim of the study was to investigate the existence of a relationship between pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI).
Materials and methods
The hospital database was searched for women diagnosed with pelvic floor disorders and all medical records were reviewed for recurrent UTI, diagnosed by two or more positive urine cultures taken within 12 months of each other. The control group was created using one-to-one matching for age and menopausal status. The prevalence of recurrent UTI in these patients were compared.
Results
The mean age of the 210 participants was 54.64±5.15 years. We found no association between POP and recurrent UTI. In the prolapse group, 22 women (21%) had recurrent UTI compared with 19 women (18%) in the control group (P=0.316). Post-void residual (PVR) volumes >50 mL were associated with increased prevalence of recurrent UTI.
Conclusion
POP is not a risk factor for recurrent UTI, but women with POP are more likely to have high PVR volumes. High PVR volumes increase the risk of recurrent UTI. Clinical examination and ultrasound assessment of PVR should be performed in all women presenting with prolapse and UTI. Elevated PVR is the most significant risk factor, linking POP with recurrent UTI.
Keywords: recurrent urinary tract infection, pelvic organ prolapse, post-void residual
Introduction
The definition of urinary tract infection (UTI) encompasses a broad range of clinical entities that have in common a positive urine culture. UTI is traditionally classified into two types: uncomplicated or complicated. Uncomplicated UTI occurs in a normal urinary tract without any coexisting pathology. Complicated UTI occurs with a condition, such as functional or structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, and may not resolve rapidly with conventional antibiotics. Nitrites and leukocyte esterase tests using dipsticks have a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 65% for diagnosing UTI in the general population.1,2 However, the gold standard is the detection of the pathogen by urine culture. Significant bacteriuria is defined by counts of ≥105 cfu/mL, collected from the mid-stream sample of women’s urine.3,4
Approximately 25% of women with a history of isolated UTI have recurrent UTI, diagnosed by two or more positive urine cultures taken within 12 months of each other.5,6 In the previous literature, significant risks for an increased prevalence of recurrent UTI were found to be nulliparity and a post-void residual (PVR) volume of >30 mL.7 Voiding dysfunction (high PVR and low flow rate) is commonly seen with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). However, interestingly, no specific association with UTI and prolapse was seen in previous studies.7,8 Despite the link between voiding dysfunction and recurrent UTI, they found an inverse relationship between prolapse and recurrent UTI. They hypothesized that the effect of pregnancy and childbirth on relaxing and stretching the birth canal may help in preventing UTI in women with POP.7,8
This study aimed to investigate the existence of a relationship between POP and recurrent UTI. Therefore, women with and without POP were included. The prevalence of recurrent UTI in these patients was compared.
Materials and methods
This study was performed between July 2012 and July 2013 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, located in Izmir, Turkey. The study was approved by the hospital’s institutional review board. One hundred and five patients who were admitted to our clinic and diagnosed with at least one of the following stage 2–4 prolapse types were included: 1) descensus uteri, 2) cystocele or cystorectocele, and 3) patients with or without symptomatic urinary incontinence. The grade of urogenital prolapse was classified according to the POP quantification system (POP-Q)9 by an experienced gynecologist.
The control group (105 patients) was selected, using one-to-one matching for age and menopausal status, from patients admitted to our clinic for other benign gynecological indications such as myoma uteri, endometrial hyperplasia, or adnexal masses without evidence of POP. Exclusion criteria were stage 0–1 prolapse, no recorded urine culture, diagnosis of interstitial cystitis, use of hormone replacement therapy, immunosuppression, urinary catheter use, ureteral stent, urinary tract abnormality or obstruction, neurogenic bladder, or multiple sclerosis. Patients with insufficient data were also excluded. Demographic characteristics including age, parity, mode of delivery, smoking and menopausal status, body mass index and presence/absence of hypertension and diabetes were recorded. PVR volume measurements were performed using transvagin*l sonography (TVS) within 10 minutes after voiding. Ultrasound measurements were carried out using a SonoAce X4 sonography machine (Samsung Medison, Seoul, South Korea) by experienced gynecologist. Transvagin*l route was used since it provides a better visualization of pelvic structures to define any co-existing pathology that may be present. However, if there was a large PVR volume which exceeded the accuracy of the TVS, transabdominal assessment was used instead of TVS. Bladder volumes were determined using the Haylen formula:10
VolumeinmL =Height×Depth×5.9−14.6
(1)
After patient selection and PVR measurements, the medical records of both groups were reviewed retrospectively for recurrent UTI. Recurrent UTI was diagnosed by two or more positive urine cultures taken within an immediate 12-month period prior to the patient recruitment. Patients who presented with irritative voiding symptoms such as burning, dysuria, nocturia, and urgency underwent urine culture testing. Both groups were compared in terms of the presence of recurrent UTI.
Chi-squared tests were used to analyze qualitative variances. Descriptive statistics were used to constitute demographic characteristics. A threshold of P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
The mean age of the 210 participants was 54.64±5.15 years. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups are summarized in Table 1. Age, body mass index, parity, mode of delivery, menopausal status, smoking status, and presence/absence of hypertension and diabetes did not differ significantly between the two groups.
Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study and control groups
| Characteristics | Study group (n=105) | Control group (n=105) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.70±4.64 (49–61) | 55.58±5.66 (49–61) | 0.222 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.34±3.41(23–35) | 28.96±3.18 (24–34) | 0.479 |
| Parity | 3.56±1.28 (2–6) | 3.36±1.32 (1–7) | 0.142 |
| vagin*l birth | 95 (90%) | 97 (92%) | 0.174 |
| Cesarean section | 10 (10%) | 8 (8%) | 0.242 |
| Postmenopausal status | 57 (54%) | 55 (52%) | 0.384 |
| Smoking status | 4 (4%) | 6 (6%) | 0.070 |
| Hypertension | 29 (28%) | 26 (25%) | 0.461 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (7%) | 9 (8%) | 0.059 |
| Recurrent UTI | 22 (21%) | 19 (18%) | 0.316 |
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Note: Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (range), or n (%).
Abbreviation: UTI, urinary tract infection.
We found no association between POP and recurrent UTI. In the prolapse group, 22 women (21%) had recurrent UTI compared with 19 women (18%) in the control group (P=0.316).
PVR volumes were measured immediately after micturition. The overall frequency of the PVR volumes is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
The prevalence of post-void residual volumes
| Post-void residual volumes, mL | Study group (n=105) | Control group (n=105) |
|---|---|---|
| 0–50 | 82% (86) | 93% (98) |
| 50–100 | 11% (11) | 6% (6) |
| ≥100 | 7% (8) | 1% (1) |
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Using TVS, 86 patients (82%) had a PVR volume of <50 mL, and 19 patients (18%) had a PVR volume of >50 mL in the study group. PVR volumes of >50 mL were associated with increased prevalence of recurrent UTI. Sixteen of the 19 women with 50 mL or higher PVR volumes had been diagnosed with recurrent UTI. Only six women with recurrent UTI had 50 mL or less PVR volume in the study group. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.032) (Table 3).
Table 3
Recurrent UTI and PVR volumes in patients with POP
| PVR volume, mL | Recurrent UTI | No recurrent UTI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| PVR <50 | 6 (6%) | 80 (76%) | 0.032 |
| PVR ≥50 | 16 (15%) | 3 (3%) |
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Abbreviations: UTI, urinary tract infection; PVR, post-void residual; POP, pelvic organ prolapse.
In the control group, 98 patients (93%) had a PVR volume of <50 mL, and seven patients (7%) had a PVR volume of >50 mL. No relationship was found between PVR volume and recurrent UTI prevelance in the control group.
Discussion
This study found that patients with POP are not more likely to be diagnosed with recurrent UTI than those without prolapse. The prevalence of recurrent UTI in the study group (21%) was similar with the prevalence in the control group (19%). However, POP indirectly affect UTI prevalance by high PVR volumes due to distortion of the lower urinary tract in POP patients.
A previous study showed that significant risk factors for an increased prevalence of recurrent UTI in women were nulliparity and a PVR volume of >30 mL.7 In our study, parity of women did not differ significantly between the two groups. We also found that women with a PVR volume >50 mL were more likely to be diagnosed with recurrent UTI.
Because of distortion of the lower urinary tract, POP may cause urethral obstruction, voiding difficulties, reduced maximum urine flow rates, and elevated PVR volumes. Prolonged elevated PVR volumes may increase the risk of infection and detrusor overactivity.11,12 We also found that in the POP group, PVR volumes were higher than in the control group. In this study, we used the cut-off level of 50 mL for PVR volume according to American Urological Association guidelines.13
A PVR volume can be measured either with ultrasound or directly with a catheter. In previous studies, ultrasonographic residual urine volume measurements showed a high correlation with the catheterized volume.14,15 Catheterization is an invasive procedure and has a slight risk of causing infection or injury to the urethra. To avoid these risks, we chose to perform ultrasonographic residual urine volume measurements, instead of catheterization.
Strengths of our analysis include a large sample size and a comparable number of women both with and without prolapse. In addition, a long follow-up period for recurrent UTI enhanced the validity of the study.
Conclusion
POP is not a risk factor for recurrent UTI, but women with POP are more likely to have high PVR volumes. High PVR volumes increase the risk of recurrent UTI. Therefore, clinical examination and ultrasound assessment of PVR should be performed in all women presenting with prolapse and UTI. Elevated PVR is the most significant risk factor linking POP with recurrent UTI.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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